Many art historians consider the School of Athens to be Raphael’s masterpiece. It is considered one of the best examples of High Renaissance art. In 1508 Pope Julius II commissioned Raphael to paint a series of frescoes in the Vatican papal chambers, the Stanza della Segnatura. A the same time that Raphael worked on the fresco, Michelangelo paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
The School of Athens shows a gathering of leading ancient Greek philosophers. Plato and Aristotle appear in the center with a blue sky in the background. Diogenes the Cynic is the old man lying on the steps. Art historians believe that Michelangelo is portrayed as the man writing on a stone block.
Study the fresco, and answer the questions that follow.
1. What is the subject of the painting?
2. Socrates is at the left of the painting, counting out points on his fingers to a group of younger men. At the right, bending over a geometric diagram, is Euclid. Below him Ptolemy, also a Greek but of a later time, holds a globe. Why do you think Raphael included these men?
3. Which areas of learning are represented in the painting?
4. What Renaissance values are reflected in Raphael’s School of Athens?
5. What Renaissance artistic techniques are reflected in the School of Athens?
U.S. troops disembark from a landing craft and wade ashore onto Omaha Beach during the Normandy landings, June 6, 1944.
American soldiers sitting in foxholes on beaches of Normandy, France.
Allied ships, boats and barrage balloons off Omaha Beach after the successful D-Day invasion (A barrage balloon is a large kite balloon used to defend against aircraft attack by raising cables which pose a collision risk, making an attacker’s approach more difficult.)
D-Day veterans at the 75th Anniversary Event in England (2019)
President Trump reads FDR speech.
The Brave, a monument dedicated to the American soldiers who landed on Omaha Beach on D-Day.
This is a political cartoon about World War I. Besides all of the soldiers in the middle, who are the other two characters?
__________________________________________________________________________________
The title of the cartoon is, “The Crime of the Ages—Who Did It?” What crime was committed?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Each soldier in the middle represents a country. Who is getting most of the blame? __________________________________________________________________________
The final character we don’t see except the accusing finger. What country do you think it represents?
__________________________________________________________________________________
The countries all blame someone else what does each have his hand on? __________________________________________________________________________________
Which country is the only one that doesn’t seem to have an opinion or placing blame? __________________________________________________________________________
What do you think is the point of this cartoon?__________________________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
Class Starter The Treaty of Versailles ended World War 1 in 1919. What are the 5 main provisions of the peace treaty?
Use the G-A-R-G-LE formula to remember the 5 provisions.
Treaty of Versailles (write ALL the Provisions)
The treaty that ended WWI.
(G) The War Guilt Clause: Forced Germany to take full blame for starting the War,
(A) Army/ REDUCED Size of Germany’s military (less 100,000 soldiers) was greatly reduced,
(R)Reparations- Germany had to pay reparations.huge amounts $$ (33 billion in US money) to the Allied countries that won WWI.
(G) German Land.Created a demilitarized zone, the Rhineland, along the Rhine River in western Germany.
(LE)League of Nations
After WW1 German money was worthless. Picture shows children using blocks of money as building blocks/toys.
German woman burning money. Cheaper to burn their currency than buy fire wood.
Every single German hated the Treaty of Versailles with a burning passion calling the politicians that had signed the treaty criminals. This destabilized the Weimar Government and made it unpopular, and ultimately led to Hitler’s rise and the fall of the Weimar Government.
In total Germany had to pay 132 billion gold marks (US 33 billion). The Germans were outraged. The Weimar Government tried to solve this by printing more paper money, which caused hyper-inflation.
Germans were already suffering from the devastated economy from the war. Before the war middle class families that could have bought a house with their savings could not even buy a loaf of bread. People were carrying around wheelbarrows of worthless money. This made Germany extremely angry, and blamed the Treaty of Versailles for their busted economy.
Cartoon depicting Germany being spoon-fed peace-terms (treaty of Versailles) by the Council of Four. The caption states “You’ve got to swallow it (the pill) whether you like it or not”. The Big Four is also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 “Points” – US President Woodrow Wilson’s proposal to end the war in a way that would create global peace and cooperation
No secret treaties; all international agreements should be open.
The seas were to be free to all countries at all times.
Every country should reduce its number of Armaments (weapons).
The people of a colony should have a say in their territories in the future.
Belgium should be independent.
Alsace-Lorraine should be returned to France (Germany took it)
People in the countries of Eastern Europe should be able to create their own countries based on “nationalities” (known as “self-determination)
Poland should be independent
An International organization should be created to deal with international incidents and disputes (this will prevent wars from starting) – The League of Nations.
Cartoon
1. Who/what symbolizes the US? Describe the character’s posture/attitude.
2. What does the bridge represent? What is missing?
3. What does the sign say?
4. What is the message of the cartoon?
Treaty of VersaillesAnother Learning FormulaB.A.R.T.
Blame: Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war
Army: They were forbidden to have any tanks, warplanes or artillery, and could only have an army of just 100,000 men and 6 battleships.
Reparations: They had to pay 6.6 Billion pounds for damages.
Territory: They lost 13% of their land resulting in 6 million Germans living in foreign lands. This include 15% of their farming land and 10% of their industries (economic impact). They also lost all of their colonial possession (New Guinea was given to Australia)
World History 